Week+Four+Rowe+and+Levine+Chapters+11+and+12


 * Annotations by Nancy Perez**

Chapters 11/12 1. Nonverbal communication is any kind of communication between two people that is done without speaking but through hand gestures or facial expressions. One example of nonverbal communication is sign language. My text to self connection is my realization while reading chapter 11 that sometimes we say more through nonverbal communication than we do by actually speaking. You might say one thing about how you are feeling but if your body and facial expressions are in disagreement you may not actually be feeling what you say. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 2. Kinesics is “the study of communicating with body movements or, as it is sometimes called, body language”. My text to world connections comes from recent news focus on body language. You often see famous politicians or celebrities being analyzed by kinesics experts who try to explain what the person is thinking and feeling in a given situation. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 3. Emblems are nonverbal actions that communicate a thought or feeling. My text to self connection is that I know I commonly use the peace sign emblem when I was traveling in Japan. To me that is a great emblem because it is one that has a meaning outside of just the United States but is recognized almost everywhere in the world as meaning peace. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 4. Illustrators “are nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said”. My text to self connection comes from my Mom because she is constantly using illustrators when she talks using her hands to emphasize what she is saying or gesture to something. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 5. Mutual gaze is when people make eye contact while communicating with each other. My text to world connection is how eye contact is interpreted in different ways depending on what someone’s cultural background is. I think it is important as an ESL teacher to know that not all cultures display eye contact as a sign of respect but in fact some thing it is respectful not to make direct eye contact. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 6. Historical linguistics is the study of how different languages have changed throughout history. My text to self connection comes from when I was in undergrad and took a anthropology linguistics class. The class was basically studying the history of the gaelic language and how it had evolved over the years. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 7. Daughter languages are languages that have come from historically older language. My text to self connections is when I met a Russian who had to ability to speak six different languages. He said that learning latin helped him to learn these languages because many of them were daughter languages and had evolved from Latin. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 8. Morphological changes in a language occur when a new word is created or an old word changes meaning. My text to self connection would be how we continually add words to the English language in pop-culture like bae which means best friend. Then an example of how a word has changed meaning over time would be savage which used to mean brutal but now means to do something awesome. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 9. Paralanguage is vocal expressions that accompany communication. For example if someone is speaking louder or softer when they are talking. Loud could mean you are angry with someone while soft could be a way of getting someone to feel calm. My text to self connection comes from when I was traveling in Japan and people often commented on how the women working in shops had a purposeful way of using their paralanguage. The women would purposefully speak in a high pitched ultra feminine voice to get customers to come into a shop. [|__https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5j0DFkbnE0__] Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski 10. Proxemics is the study of the amount of space used in human interactions and communication. My text to self connection comes from my realization that I put more space between myself and the person I am talking too if I am uncomfortable with what they are saying or don’t agree with it. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics(Third ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. By:Emily Mikolajewski

**Chapter 11** **1. Nonverbal communication** – Any communication that occurs between people, usually within each other’s presence by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of a sign language. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.320) Nonverbal communication is used amongst all of us, and it’s something we have in common with animals as well. The following video goes more in depth and shows examples of nonverbal communication we see every day: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**2. Affect displays** – Kinesic behaviors that communicate the real or faked emotional state of the communicator. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.323) These gestures are often used amongst couples, friends, and family! The following videos show twins showing their emotions through their actions: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**3. Facial emblem** – A kinesic behavior that usually has a very specific meaning, such as a smile meaning happiness. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.324) I love the fact that smiling is the same in every language! The following video helps us decode different facial emblems we see frequently: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**4. Gaze** – To look. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.324) A gaze can say a lot. When I think of a meaningful gaze I remember the “look” my mother used to give us as kids when we would misbehave in public! The following video is also an iconic gaze in my memories as a kid watching that’s so raven: []. I knew that gaze meant something was going to happen!

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**5. Mutual gaze** – When people are looking at each other. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.325) When I’m with my close friends and we notice something, we all just give each other a look and know exactly what that means! The following video shows a social experiment of strangers having to stare at each other. Watch and cringe: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**6. Mammals** – A class of animals in the sub-phylum of vertebrates. humans are mammals, along with chimpanzees, baboons, dogs, cats & about 4,000 other species. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.328) Being in this class has taught me how many things we have in common as mammals regarding our linguistics! The following video can be used to teach our students about the diverse types of mammals there is: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**7. Primates** – An order in the class of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, tarsiers, and prosimians. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.328) Our similarities to apes, is where the evolution theory stemmed from. It’s still one very popular theory ‘til this day. The following video helps explain what makes primates, primates: []. You’d be surprised at some of these factors!

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**Chapter 12** **8. Latin languages** - Languages that make up the language family derived from Latin and the languages with which Latin is mixed. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.340) My language, Spanish, is a Latin language along with many others. The following video shows what Latin used to sound like: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**9. Proto-Indo European** – the protolanguage from which many linguists assume that about 144 modern and extinct languages of Europe, western Asia, and parts of India were derived. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.343). This term is very interesting to me, and I hope we get to learn more about this! I’ve never heard it before. The following video shows how proto-Indo-European is spoken: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**10. Cognates** – Words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language. (Rowe & Levine, 2015, p.343) I’ve noticed many cognates that the English and Spanish language have in common, when I was learning English. These cognates were easy words to learn. The following video shows examples of cognates: [].

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**Chapter 11** **Kinesics** ishe formal study of communicating with body movements or what we call “body language” (Rowe & Levine, 2015).Types of kinesic **behaviors** are emblems, illustrators, regulators, and adaptors (explained in other parts of the study guide).

For example, dance movements can communicate a message. There are ways in which a person from the United States may express themselves through body movement differently than someone from India. Below is a link to a great video that teaches children to communicate through movement: https://www.teachingchannel.org/videos/teaching-non-verbal-communication

Reference: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 11** **Kinemes** “are considered by some researchers to be the elementary units of kinesic analysis and are analagous to a linguistic unit, such as phoneme (Rowe & Levine, 2015).” Researchers believe that each movement can be studied (Rowe & Levine, 2015).

For example**,** picture someone who is conversing with another individual. One of the people opens their eyes wider or crosses their legs. The movement of the person’s eyes opening wider would be considered a Kineme.

Reference: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 11** []
 * Facial expressions **are motions or positions that happen in your face. The way your face moves conveys an emotional state. According to the text, there are six universally understood expressions, but cultural variation in how and when certain facial expressions are used. Click on the link below to see these six universal facial expressions.

References: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. Retrieved from [] By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 11** **Haptics** “is the study of touching behavior (Rowe & Levine, 2015).” According to our text haptic research has proved that this type of communication is much more important to humans than previous research shows (Rowe & Levine, 2015). Like other mammals (apes, monkeys, tarsiers, and prosimians) humans do a considerable amount of touching and varies from culture to culture (Rowe & Levine, 2015).

Below are images from an article that explains the importance of touch (http://www.nonverbal-world.com/2011/10/importance-of-touch.html);



References: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. Retrieved from [] By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 11** **Proxemics** “is the study of the social use of space-the study of patterns of the use of space to convey messages and how this usage differs from culture to culture (Rowe & Levine, 2015).”

An example from the text; A person walks into a restaurant and looks for a place at the counter. The person will find a spot that is most comfortable. By choosing a sitting space and figure out how to occupy the space, this person is communicating pleasure, displeasure, trust, apprehension, status, or leadership (Rowe & Levine, 2015).

References: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 12** **Language family** is a group of languages that come from the same ancestral language family (Rowe & Levine, 2015). These languages are also known as daughter languages (Rowe & Levine, 2015).

For example, the text explains that Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan (spoken in Spain), French, Italian, and Romanian are all part of the same language family, Latin. These languages are just mixed with the native languages of each area (Rowe & Levine, 2015).

Reference: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 12** **Cognates** “are words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language (Rowe & Levine, 2015).” These words can be similar in spelling, pronunciation, and meaning.

Click on the link below that describes cognates and display cognates of Spanish to English; Retrieved from http://www.spanish.bz/cognates.htm

References: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. Retrieved from http://www.spanish.bz/cognates.htm By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 12** **Sound change** “is the change of one or more distinctive features of a sound to another feature or features (Rowe & Levine, 2015).” Sound change is important in describing how language has changed thus far.

Below is a youtube video that explains the history of sound change; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydjIOZPfGEA&list=PLc4s09N3L2h2myb-Ltyluuh83ecywa7Cl

Reference: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. Retrieved from https://www.uni-due.de/SHE/HE_Change_Phonological.htm By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 12** **Morphological changes** “in a language are changes in the words of the language and include changes in the meaning of words, the addition of new words, and analogy (Rowe & Levine, 2015).”

The text explains that some words used today that might get lost. A few examples of words that we use very little and will likely disappear are typewriter, floppy disk, and record player (Rowe & Levine, 2015). These words may be replaced and never used because technology is ever-changing.

Reference: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

**Chapter 12** **Analogy or analogous change** “is the process whereby a dominant linguistic pattern in a language replaces exceptions to that pattern (Rowe & Levine, 2015).”

An example from the book explain that in past English, words were pluralized in many ways. //Ox// was //oxen// and //cow// was //cowen//. Speakers of standard English no longer use these plural versions, instead speakers say //foxes// and //cows// (Rowe & Levine, 2015).

Reference: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. By: Alexsandra Gamboa 6/13

= = =Chapters 11 and 12 by: Shelby Winston=

“Is any communication that occurs between people, usually within each other’s presence, by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of sign language.” Text-to-self connection: My best friends youngest brother has autism, and he does not speak or use sign language. In order to communicate with his loved ones, he makes gestures tha they have learned to understand.” Example: My example is a powtoon video, that shows the various categories of nonverbal communication and how they are used. [] Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Non Verbal Communication. (2016, April 10). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from []
 * Nonverbal Communication (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11) **

“Are nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said.” Text-to-self connection: If someone asks me for directions while I am on campus, I will point them in the right direction. Example: Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Valentine Bonde, C.E.O at Entertainment All Time - E.A.T Follow. (2015, May 04). Kinesics And Non Verbal Communication.pptx. Retrieved June 08, 2017, from []
 * Illustrators (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11) **

“Are kinesic behaviors that satisfy personal needs, such as nervousness, and are not meant to communicate.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-text connection: According to our text, “picking at oneself, scratching, holding your own arm, restless movements of the hands and feet, and the tapping of a pencil on a table are all examples of adaptors.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Non verbal communications. (n.d.). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Adaptors (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Occurs when people are looking at each other” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-self connection: When I am speaking with someone, typically we have a mutual gaze. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Mutual Gaze (Roe and Levine, Chapter 11) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Is the study of touching behavior.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-text connection: According to our text “Haptic research shows that this type of communication is much more important to humans than was previously thought.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Arun Sivaraj, Head of Digital Marketing | Hubspot Certified | CIMP Certified Follow. (2012, August 02). Haptic Technology ppt. Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Haptics (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Is the study of how languages change over time and the relationship among different languages.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-text connection: According to our text, “Historical linguists study the process of language change, the “genetic” relationship between languages, and how best to clarify languages into groups.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Historical linguistics. (n.d.). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Historical linguistics (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Is an ancestral (parent) language from which it is assumed that many languages were derived.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-world connection: If we were to examine the proto-indo-european language, we could see that many different language are derived from the parent language. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Mouma, L. (n.d.). Historical Linguistics Explained or What's English got to do with Lithuanian? Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Proto-language (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Are words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-self connection: During my time in Spanish III, I learned about the various cognates in Spanish. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Cognate Words - Lessons - Tes Teach. (n.d.). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Are groups of proto-languages.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-text connections: According to our text, “Some linguists have suggested that Proto-Indo-European can be combined with other proto-languages at the same to form more general proto-languages.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Nostratic languages. (2017, June 06). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Superfamilies (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">“Is the change of one or more distinctive features of a sound to another feature or features.” <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Text-to-text connection: According to our text, Grimms law is a perfect example of sound change, it describes a systematic phonological change from certain Proto-Indo-European consonants to different consonants in daughter languages.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Sound change (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Example: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Citations: Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Phonetics... Sound Principles. (n.d.). Retrieved June 08, 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[]

Chapters 11 and 12 -- Jackie Desmond


 * Adaptors (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 11) **


 * __Definition:__** “adaptors are kinesic behaviors that satisfy personal needs, such as nervousness, and are not meant to communicate” (Rowe & Levine, p. 330).

The below cite does a good job explaining adaptors, in a linguistic context. At the bottom of the page, there is a matching quiz to test a person’s knowledge.
 * __Text to self:__** I know that I often show adaptors. Especially with nervous habits, such as scratching the side of my head when I am thinking.
 * __Example and Citation:__**

[]

Conflict Resolution Education. Nonverbal communication for educators. Retrieved on June 10, 2017 from: http://www.creducation.org/resources/nonverbal_communication/kinesics.html

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 10, 2017


 * Facial Emblem (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 11) **


 * __Definition:__** a facial emblem is a kinesic behavior that usually has a very specific meaning, such as a smile meaning happiness; it does not have to accompany speech to be understood.


 * __Text to self:__** This definition reminded me of my mom’s smile. Her smile indicates happiness; it does not require words to be understood.

The below table provides a good description of emblems, as well as examples of emblems.
 * __Example and citation:__**



Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Manas—studies into Asia and Africa (2015). //The nonverbal abhinaya code as foundation of performing emotion.// Retrieved on June 10, 2017 from: []

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 10, 2017


 * Mutual Gaze (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 11) **


 * Definition:** “a mutual gaze occur when people are looking at each other” (Rowe & Levine, p. 333).


 * Text to self:** Rowe and Levine also explain that, “[p]eople with certain emotional or psychological conditions might find it hard to make eye contact but may still be listening to what another person is saying (p. 333). In my experience, I have noticed some friends of mine have difficulty making and sustaining eye contact. Some of these friends are possibly on the autism spectrum; therefore, the author’s above definition makes complete sense to me. They may not be strong at eye contact, but they still will hear what I have said.

Struggling to make and maintain mutual gaze reminds me of a book that I have started reading. The book is called: “look me in the eye – my life with aspergers” by John Elder Robinson. In the book, the author explains his difficulty living with aspergers. Specifically, being able to make eye contact and keep a mutual gaze.
 * Example and citation:**

Robinson, John Elder. (2008). Look me in the eye: my life with aspergers. Random House, Inc., New York.

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 11, 2017


 * Physical Appearance (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 11) **


 * __Definition:__** “Physical appearance is a powerful form of communication that influences mate selection, job potential, social and professional status, the ability to persuade others, and virtually all other human interactions”(Rowe & Levine, p. 334-335).


 * __Text to self/world:__** This quotation reminded me of my time as a student-athlete at the University of Southern California (USC). My golf team encompassed students from around the world. We all had different perspectives on dress, based on what was appropriate in our home country.

The below image shows how physical appearance factors into nonverbal communication.
 * __Example and citation:__**



Retrieved on June 11, 2017 from: []

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 11, 2017


 * Proxemics (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 11) **


 * __Definition:__** “proxemics is the study of the social use of space – the study of the patterns of the use of space to convey messages and how this usage differs from culture to culture” (Rowe & Levine, p. 339).


 * __Text to self:__** The issue of proxemics cam up today when I was attending a Cubs baseball game. The woman next to me was sitting at the edge of her chair; as a result, she was completely blocking my view of the batter. She did not seem to notice, or care for that matter. However, it made me think of the term – proxemics – while out at a game.

I below video clip does a good job at explaining proxemics:
 * __Example and citation:__**

[]

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 11, 2017


 * Historical Linguistics (comparative linguistics) (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 12) **


 * __Definition:__** “is the study of how languages change over time and the relationship among different languages” (p. 349).


 * __Text to world:__** Studying about historical linguistics generates connections throughout the world. I find historical linguistics to be an interesting subject to study.

The below link explores historical linguistics, and provides examples of it.
 * __Example and citation:__**

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GdQEGbkHO0

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 12, 2017


 * Synchronic Linguistics (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 12) **


 * __Definition:__** “synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at a given point of time” (p. 349).


 * __Text to world:__** As was the case with historical linguistics, I find synchronic linguistics especially interesting to study. A researcher can identify a language, from anywhere in the world, and then study it based upon a given point of time.

The below link differentiates between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.
 * __Example and citation:__**

[]

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 12, 2017


 * Family tree model (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 12) **


 * __Definition:__** “the family tree model of language assumes a ‘genetic’ relationship among languages in a language family in that all languages in the family derived from a common ancestor called a proto-language” (p. 350).


 * __Text to world__**: This appears to be an incredibly important concept to study, as it draws relationships between languages throughout the world.

The below link explores historical linguistics. However, in doing so, it explains how family tree models of language can function.
 * __Example and citation:__**

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GdQEGbkHO0

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 12, 2017


 * Comparative Method (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12) **


 * __Definition:__** “the comparative method involves looking at similarities in languages to determine the degree of relationship among those languages and to reconstruct ancestral (proto-) languages” (p. 353)


 * __Text to world__**: This method of study is important to foster communication throughout the world.

The below image explains the rise of the comparative language, and a basic explanation of it.
 * __Example and citation:__**



[]

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 12, 2017


 * Sociocultural changes: ** (Rowe & Levine, Chapter 12)


 * __Definition:__** “sociocultural changes are changes in culture that lead to changes in language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in culture” (p. 362).

This is import area of study, as there are constant changes in culture that can affect the meaning of a word
 * __Text to world:__**

This is the best clip that I could find that talks about sociocultural changes.
 * __Example and Citation:__**

[]

Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics//. New York, NY: Pearson.

Entry by: Jackie Desmond – June 12, 2017

**Nonverbal communication (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11)** Nonverbal communication is any communication that occurs between people, by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of a language. An example of this can be the stance and/or gaze of the speaker/listener. A text-to-self connection is I try to pay close attention to my nonverbal communication when talking to someone, especially at job interviews. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos, 6/12/17

**Illustrators (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11)** Illustrators are nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said. Examples of illustrators are: pointing at an object to indicate its location and moving your finger in the air to show the spatial relationship of one thing to another. A text-to-practice connection is at work, the children who have hearing loss and are not yet communicating verbally use illustrators to help communicate. The speech language therapists also use illustrators to help convey a message to the children. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos 6/12/17

A facial emblem is a kinesic behavior that usually has a very specific meaning, such as a smile meaning happiness; it does not have to accompany speech to be understood. A text-to-world connection is that there are cultural variation in how and when certain facial expressions, such as a smile are used. For example, in North American schools, children smile in their annual school pictures, but Russian schoolchildren pose with a serious face for the same occasion. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos
 * Facial emblem (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11) **

**Paralanguage (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11)** Paralanguage is the system of nonverbal but vocal cues that accompany or replace a language. Paralinguistic features include things such as falsetto, overloud speaking, nasality, and breathiness. A text-to-world connection are stereotypes that are formed on the basis of paralanguage. A high-pitched male voice is often associated with feminine characteristics, bu in the female, it is taken to indicate a dynamically extroverted personality. The following YouTube video provides examples of paralanguage. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc By: Daisy Villalobos

**Proxemics (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11)** Proxemics is the study of the social use of space -- the study of the patterns of the use of space to convey messages and how this usage differs from culture to culture. A text-to-world connection is that each culture has its own proxemic patterns. One example is the Arabic use of space which includes crowding and high noise and smell levels in public spaces; pushing and shoving in public places; and standing close to each other when conversing. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos

**Language family (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12)** A language family is a group of languages derived from the same ancestral language. For example, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian and Romanian are all part of the same language family. A text-to-self connection is when I took human geography in high school, we learned about language families. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos

**Cognates (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12)** Cognates are words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language. An example of this is the word ‘foot’ in English is ‘pater’ in Greek and ‘pitar’ in Sanskrit. These all sound similar because they are Indo-European languages. A text-to-self connection is when I was taking Italian in high school, I found cognates in Spanish which made some vocabulary easier to learn/remember. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos

**Sociocultural changes (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12)** Sociocultural changes are changes in culture that lead to changes in language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in culture. An example of this is the suffix -man. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a conscious attempt to eliminate sexism in English. One change that occurred was the elimination of the suffix -man or -men to occupations. Instead of postmen, policemen, and salesmen, there are postal workers, police officers, and sales associates. A text-to-self connection is during a therapy session I was interpreting, the child was learning about occupations. The speech therapist used pictures of both men and women in occupations. The following YouTube video “Gender Neutral Pronouns” discusses the use of pronouns that are gender neutral. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc By: Daisy Villalobos

**Syntactic changes (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12)** Syntactic changes are changes in the rules for structures larger than words. Some of the general syntactic changes that occurred as Old English changed to Modern English include a loss of inflectional endings, an emphasis on prepositions, and an increase in the importance of word order. A text-to-self connection is in high school whenever we read Shakespeare, it was always a little difficult to follow along with the way the plays are written. Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Retrieved 12 June 2017, from <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] By: Daisy Villalobos

**Morphological changes (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 12)**
Morphological changes in a language are changes in the words of the language and include changes in the meaning of words, the addition of new words, and analogy. In English words that might soon be used rarely or not at all are: typewriter, floppy disk, record player, and other words that refer to technologies that have been replaced. A text-to-self connection is when I showed my twelve-year old a floppy disk he had no idea what is was or that it even existed! The following article “13 wonderful Old English words we should still be using today” by Abby Jackson lists words that no longer exist in English. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[] Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc By: Daisy Villalobos


 * Nonverbal Communication (Rowe & Levine Chapter 11) – Alexandra Moreno**

“Any communication that occurs between people, usually within each other’s presence, by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of sign language.”

__Text-to-world connection:__ In a previous activity this week, Amy Cuddy discussed body language with high power and low power poses. She talked about the value of high power poses, and how they can have a positive effect on your mood and confidence.

__Example:__ In the image below, someone may interpret the body language of these people and conclude that they are bored or unmotivated.



Image retrieved from: []

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Emblems (Rowe and Levine Chapter 11) – Alexandra Moreno**

“Movements of the hands, arms, face, or other parts of the body that have a very specific meaning and are not as dependent on speech as other kinesic behaviors.”

__Text-to-world connection__: Some emblems are represented in emojis. The “ok” and peace sign, along with others, are commonly used when using technology to communicate.

__Example:__ Below is the emoji sign for “ok.”



Image retrieved from: []

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Illustrators (Rowe and Levine Chapter 11) – Alexandra Moreno**

“Nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said.”

__Text-to-text connection__: Illustrators are also known as “speech-related gestures.” Someone may point to an object while speaking to indicate its location.

__Example:__ Below is a short video clip that provides a brief explanation of how illustrators are used to enhance spoken communication.

[]

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Adaptors (Rowe and Levine Chapter 11) – Alexandra Moreno**

“Kinesic behaviors that satisfy personal needs, such as nervousness, and are not meant to communicate.”

__Text-to-text connection__: Adaptors are a physio-psychological means of coping that develop during childhood. Some of these movements help calm the individual during times of high stress/anxiety, such as a student tapping their pencil on the desk during a test.

__Example:__ Below is an additional short video clip that provides a brief explanation of how adaptors are used to make yourself feel better.

[]

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Affect displays (Rowe and Levine Chapter 11)- Alexandra Moreno**

“Kinesic behaviors that communicate the real or faked emotional state of the communicator.”

__Text-to-text connection:__ There are four lines of evidence to suggest that there is a genetic (innate) component to understanding affect displays or emotions expressed by the face.

__Example:__ The image below shows six facial expressions displaying emotion.



Image retrieved from: []

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Proxemics (Rowe and Levine Chapter 11) – Alexandra Moreno**

“The study of the social use of space- The study of the patterns of the use of space to convey messages and how this usage differs from culture to culture.”

__Text-to-text connection__: People of different cultures need different amounts of space. In some parts of Europe, it is common to kiss someone on both cheeks as a greeting. In other parts of the world, this may be an invasion of personal space. Distances are classified as: intimate distance (0-1½ ft), personal distance (1½-4 ft), social distance (4-12 ft), and public distance (12-25+ ft).

__Example:__ Webpage below provides the unspoken “rules” on how to ride an elevator in the U.S. It says that people (unless they know eachother) will normally not speak to eachother. When there are more than 4 people in an elevator at once, individuals will stand facing the doors, but not touch each other even though it can become crowded. When an individual thinks the elevator has become too crowded, may choose to wait for the next one.

[]

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Latin Languages (Rowe and Levine Chapter 12) – Alexandra Moreno**

“The languages that make up the language family derived from Latin and the languages with which Latin mixed.”

__Text-to-text connection:__ These are also called //Romance Languages// and include: Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, and Romanian.

__Example:__ The Website linked below is a guide to comparative grammar of the romance languages.

[]

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * The regularity hypothesis (Rowe and Levine Chapter 12) – Alexandra Moreno**

“The idea that numerous similarities in languages indicate that the languages derive from a mother language.”

__Text-to-text connection:__ Similarities in languages can be illustrated using a family tree model. The phrases daughter languages, mother language, and sister languages are used to indicate the type of relationship languages have in the family tree model.

__Example:__ The image below shows the relationships between different languages in a family tree model.



Image retrieved from: []

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Cognates (Rowe and Levine Chapter 12) – Alexandra Moreno**

“Words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language.”

__Text-to-world connection__: The similarities of words in Mexican Spanish and Nahuatl.

__Example:__ Below are some cognates in Spanish and English.



Image retrieved from: []

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.


 * Sociocultural changes (Rowe and Levine Chapter 12) – Alexandra Moreno**

“Changes in culture that lead to changes in languages, or changes in language that contribute to changes in culture.”

__Text-to-text connection:__ Broader concerns for civil rights in the 1960’s and 1970’s and new scientific data about human sexuality led to changing definitions of homosexuality. These new definitions led to social changes that allowed homosexual couples to adopt children and to marry in certain states.

__Example:__



Image retrieved from: []

Rowe, B. M. & Levine, D. P. (2012). //A concise introduction to linguistics// (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

=__** Kinesics (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 11) **__= Definition: "Is the formal study of communicating with body movements." Text-to-Self Connection: I can remember this because as a future teacher we need to be able to teach differently for many reasons. One being that some students may learn best through body movement/language. Example: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A Concise Introduction to Linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

By: Lidia Sanchez 06/13

Definition: "Are nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said." Connection: I can think of this as any action that follows after a move my hands, or when I make some sort of signal with my body, face, hands. Example: (from book)
 * __ Illustrators (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 10) __**
 * Pointing at an object to indicate its location
 * Moving your arm and hand at a specific rhythm to illustrate the pace of an event
 * Moving your finger in the air to show the spatial relationship of one thing to another
 * Using a quick downward movement of the fist to emphasize a point
 * Using your hand to show the relative size of the space of something, such as illustrating with your hands that your room is larger than your sister's room
 * Making "out of breath movements" with the face and body to emphasize that a physical activity you are talking about is strenuous

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A Concise Introduction to Linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

By: Lidia Sanchez 06/13

=__**Haptics (Rowe and Levine, Chapter 10)**__= Definition: "Is the study of touching behavior." Connection: People can view touching in a positive or negative aspect. Example:



Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A Concise Introduction to Linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

By: Lidia Sanchez 06/13


 * Chapters 11 and 12 (Jessica Lara)**

Example: Whenever someone says something inappropriate, my cousin and I give each other a look where we raise our eyebrows, and look to the side. With look we both know that we are judging that person.
 * Nonverbal communication:** "any communication that occurs between people, usually within each other's presence, by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of a sign language"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: Sometimes when I'm sharing a story with friends, I'll make move my arms in a motion to show that I'm running in my story. I also pretend to wipe sweat off my forehead to show how tired I am or the person I'm pretending to be.
 * Illustrators:** "nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said."

Rowe, D. and Levine, P.(2015) A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: When my cousin is sad, he usually expresses it by hunching over, with his head down. When he's happy, his head is held up high and stands straight.
 * Affect displays:** "kinesic behaviors that communicate the real or faked emotional state of the communicator"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: There are times when I'm just randomly looking around a room I tend to gaze at another person who is also doing the same thing as me.
 * Mutual gaze:** "when people are looking at each other"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: Whenever a good joke is told, instead of saying "that's funny", it is common that people laugh.
 * Paralanguage:** "the system of nonverbal but vocal cues that accompany or replace language"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: In the book, the word is used mentioning languages. Some features in one language diffuse to another, which shows similarities within the two languages. For instance, French and Spanish have some similar features, such as the use of gender.
 * Diffuse:** "move out from one place to another"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: An example the text uses is that many words, like "ox" would be pluralized by adding -en. It is obvious now that the language does not use -en, instead we add -s or -es, so instead of the word "oxen", we use "oxes".
 * Analogous change:** "the process whereby a dominant linguistic pattern in a language replaces exceptions to that pattern"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: In Spanish, words such as "Latinos" and "amigos" can be either female or male. There can be ten girls in a room, and they will be referred to as "amigas". As soon as a male enters the room, it is no longer "amigas"; it is now "amigos". Because there are people who do not identify with either gender but still want to feel included, and want to also work on not having the language so male dominant, an unoffical rule has been made that makes the words referencing people gender neutral. Instead of using "o" or "a", "x" is used, so instead of "Latinos" or "Latinas" and "amigos" or "amigas", "Latinx" and "amigxs" is used.
 * Sociocultural changes:** "changes in a culture that influence changes in a language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in a culture"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: One of the most common words that is in the core vocabulary is "no". Although it may have slightly different pronunciations in some languages, the definition of the word is the same.
 * Core vocabulary:** "vocabulary that is made up of one hundred or two hundred words that represent concepts thought to be universal to all or most languages"

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Example: Some languages that are still spoken today that have descended from Proto-Indo-European are Polish, Dutch, English, German, Spanish, French, and Italian.
 * Proto-Indo-European: "**the protolanguage from which many linguists assume that about one hundred forty-four modern and extinct languages of Europe, western Asia, and parts of India were derived. Not all languages spoken in these areas are descended from Proto-Indo-European."

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

When people use nonverbal communication they may put their hands on their hips, or give a stern gaze. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKhsavlvuao Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (4th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(2016, April 10). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKhsavlvuao
 * Ch 11**
 * Nonverbal Communication-** " any communication that occurs between people, usually within each other's presence, by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of a sign language." ( Rowe, 328)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">When a child is in fear they will have a frightened look on their face which is an Affect display. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=affect%2Bdisplays&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsopjRor7UAhVH6YMKHe6ECQwQ_AUIBigB&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=tN1UuLnro-_7YM: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2015). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Affect display- " **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">kinesic behaviors that communicate the real or faked emotional state of the communicator."

The man from the tv show gazed into the woman's eyes. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=gaze&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH8eaZp77UAhWqzIMKHdavCRMQ_AUIBygC&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=obFPvGOqbKzgCM: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson
 * Gaze- "to look" (Rowe, 333)**

There was a mutual gaze between the dog and the owner.
 * Mutual Gaze- "When people are looking at each other"**(Rowe, 333)

Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=mutual%2Bgaze&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwias-n3qL7UAhUM64MKHaAdCcsQ_AUICigB&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=G7t22k0V-4Pa9M:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Humans are mammals along with monkeys, cows, and pigs. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=mammals&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyjr3iq77UAhUm1oMKHckXD6IQ_AUICigB&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=jiNAApiw17eAJM:
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Mammals- **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> " a class of animals in the subphylum of vertebrates."(Rowe, 337)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Historical linguistics will look at new words such as "binge-watch" and decipher if they can become new words defined in the Webster dictionary. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=historical%2Blinguistics&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxt5bj-L7UAhVI5YMKHdQTB1kQ_AUICSgE&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=XUIDRWDaZj9Z4M:
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ch. 12 **
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Historical linguistics- **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">"the study of how languages change over time and the relationship among different languages" (Rowe, 349)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Spanish and English have several cognates such as, similar and similar, chocolate, regular, basic and basico. Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">English-Spanish Cognates: Hundreds of Words You ALREADY Know! (2016, June 23). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URAjlYGLKfw
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Cognates- " words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language." (Rowe, 351) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">After the storm, the community members were diffused. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=diffuse&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOy_ia_b7UAhWLx4MKHfzuBScQ_AUICygC&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=xSPKrT67EHkgTM: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Diffuse- " means to move out from one place to another" ( Rowe, 355) **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As the culture in the United States shifted, the language changed as well. There is more slang used to shorten our communication because of our fast paced society. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=socio%2Bcultural%2Bchanges&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD9bG8gL_UAhWk3YMKHUr_ABQQ_AUIBigB&biw=1050&bih=723&dpr=1#imgrc=qW78-tXv9Q10dM: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sociological changes- ' **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">changes in culture that lead to changes in language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in culture." ( Rowe, 362)


 * Superfamilies- "groups of proto-languages" (Rowe, 354)**
 * When two languages, such as Proto-Indo-European can be combined with other proto languages form superfamilies.**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #323232; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=superfamilies%2Blinguistics&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ9tiKg7_UAhWI3oMKHVUoBEoQ_AUICCgD&biw=1050&bih=723#imgrc=weyNW28svLKeKM: Rowe, D. and Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson

Chapter 12


 * The Great Vowel Shift ** – An unconditioned sound change that altered all Middle English Vowels.

[]
 * Text-to-world connection ** – I remember reading an article several years ago about a vowel shift that is taking place in the US and that it is impacting American English in particular in the regions surrounding the Great Lakes. It has been dubbed the Northern Cities Vowel Shift or NCS. It talks about some of the vowel shifts occurring in these regions such as in the words “cot” and “caught.” It is interesting to see how Modern English may be in the early stages of another great vowel shift. I have provided a link to the article below.

[]
 * Media ** – Great short video about the G.V.S. enjoy!

Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (2012). //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">A concise introduction to linguistics // (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Hutchinson, Aaron. (May 15, 2015). //The Great Vowel Shift.// Retrieved June 15, 2017, from [] Mifsud, Rob. (August 22, 2012). //Vowel Movement. How Americans near the Great Lakes are radically changing the sound of English.// Retrieved June 15, 2017, from http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_good_word/2012/08/northern_cities_vowel_shift_how_americans_in_the_great_lakes_region_are_revolutionizing_english_.html
 * Sources – **

By Daniel Zmarzlinski

Chapter 12


 * Endangered Languages- ** Languages that are at risk of falling out of use with only few native speakers utilizing it as a first language.


 * Text-to-self connection ** – Endangered languages and languages that are dying out is quite frightening and sad. The way I see it is that if a language dies out we lose a completely different view and perception of the world that we may not have in our own linguistic reality. There needs to be more don help preserve the languages that may fall out of use and we should get all the research possible to study these languages before they are lost forever.

Image showing endangered language hot spots.
 * Media- **



**Sources –** Rowe, Bruce M.& Levine, D. P. (**2012**). //<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">A concise introduction to linguistics // (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Daigneault, Anna Luisa. (2012). //Endangered Languages Resource Page//. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from []

By Daniel Zmarzlinski

Week Four Rowe and Levine Chapters Eleven and Twelve By: Mayra Cahue __Emblems ( speech-independent gestures; autonomous gestures) ( Chapters 11)__ Text-to-World: For example, many Americans use the “ OK” hand emblem to express “ all right” or everything is “fine” using a hand movement. [|__http://thedouglasreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bigstock-cheerful-african-american-busi-86649752.jpg__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Affect displays ( Chapter 11)__ Text-to-Text: Everyone in world show emotions. For example: a tensed body with hands in fist might signify anger and a readiness to fight. Below, I attached a youtube video that shows a girl showing a sad emotion when watching a small clip of a movie, the movement of her body tells us about the emotional state this girl is experiencing. I came across this video and thought it was very cute video especially the adorable little girl that made me cry too! [] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Facial emblem ( Chapter 11)__ Text-to-Text: North American schoolchildren smile in their annual school photographs, but Russian schoolchildren pose with a serious face for this occasion. Balinese laugh and smile at funerals of their close relatives, because crying would show weakness and invite the evil spirits that caused the death to do further damage. [|__https://image.freepik.com/free-vector/boy-faces-collection_1196-187.jpg__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Primates ( Chapter 11)__ - “ are an order in the class of mammals that includes humans, apes, monkeys, tarsiers, and prosimians.” Text-to-Text: Almost all primates that includes humans,apes, monkeys, tarsiers, and prosimians spend long hours touching each other. [|__https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/63/37/9a/63379aa03e55ba77bf82759f356a9a92.jpg__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Haptics ( Chapter 11)__
 * “ are movement of the hands, arms, face, or other parts of the body that have a very specific meaning and are not as dependent on speech as other kinesic behaviors”
 * “ are kinesic behaviors that communicate the real or faked emotional state of the communicator.”
 * Facial expressions that have a specific meaning that doesn’t have to accompany with speech to understand what the person is feeling.

Text-to World: For example: Touch is the most effective way to communicate feelings and emotions.Hugging someone is a way of telling someone that you love them. [|__https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hapticppt-120802031214-phpapp01/95/haptic-technology-ppt-3-728.jpg?cb=1344318565__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Cognates ( Chapter 12)__ Text-to-Self: For example, when I was growing up and learning new vocabulary, I would always make connections with spanish words for example: police (policía), salad ( ensalada) because the words were similar. It was the same word with different spelling but with the same meaning. [|__http://cdnll.reallygoodstuff.com/images/xl/306091.jpg__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Superfamilies or Macrofamilies ( Chapter 12)__ Text-to Text: Proto-Indo European can be incorporated with other proto-languages at the same time to form more proto-languages. [|__https://content.openclass.com/eps/pearson-reader/api/item/33c1ac75-46ce-4867-ae30-5281538f14a6/1/file/RubensteinCHG3-071415-MB/OPS/img/imported_files02/rube_050103-lang_tree-right.png__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Morphological changes ( Chapter 12)__ Text-toText: For example, words that might soon be used rarely or not at all like typewriter, floppy disk, record player and other words that are replaced. [|__https://image.slidesharecdn.com/morphologicalprocess1-140207071913-phpapp01/95/morphological-process-2-638.jpg?cb=1391757611__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Sociocultural changes ( Chapter 12)__ Text-to World: “ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Prior to the women's suffrage movement, women were subordinate to men in most aspects of society. However, women began closing the gender inequality gap by fighting for and obtaining the right to vote.” [|__https://image.slidesharecdn.com/socio-culturalchange-141009224420-conversion-gate02/95/socio-cultural-change-1-638.jpg?cb=1412894807__] [|__https://www.reference.com/world-view/examples-social-change-1fabeebed74b9037__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson __Analogy ( Chapter 12)__ Text-to-Text: For example: the words phenomenon and cactus which came to English from Latin, are pluralized in Latin as phenomena and cacti. [|__https://aspergerhuman.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/analogy-5.jpg__] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D. P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
 * “ A study of touching behavior”
 * Similar words that look and mean the same as a word you already know in a English or in Spanish.
 * “ are groups of proto-languages”
 * “ in a language are changes in the words of the language and include changes in the meaning of words, the addition of new words, and analogy.”
 * “ are changes in culture that lead to changes in language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in culture.”
 * “ is the process whereby a dominant linguistic pattern in a language replaces exceptions to that pattern.”

Chapter 11 and 12 - Karolina Czubernat

1) nonverbal communication ( pg 320) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Is any communication that occurs between people, usually within each other's presence, by means other than spoken or written words or the signs of a sign language"( pg 320). Text-to-text connection: " Nonverbal behavior is important in establishing, regulating, and maintaining interpersonal relationships" ( pg 320). Example: " The firm stance, stern gaze, and the "invasion" of the motorist's territory may have conveyed the idea of the officer's authority and dominance" ( pg 320). Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson. 2) Illustrators ( pg 321) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Are nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and serve to clarify or emphasize what is being said " (pg 321). Text-to-text connection: " Illustrators, along with regulators, are sometimes classified together as speech-related gestures" ( pg 321). Example: Pointing at an object to indicate its location. Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson. 3) Facial emblem (pg 324)- Karolina Czubernat Definition : " A facial emblem is a kinesic behavior that usually has a very specific meaning" ( pg 324). Text-to-text connection: " It does not have to accompany speech to be understood" ( pg 324). Example: A smile meaning happiness. Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson. 4) Paralanguage (pg 330)- Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Is the system of nonverbal but vocal cues that accompany or replace language" ( pg 330). Text-to-text connection: " A witness's tone of voice, the length of an answer, the tempo of speech, and other paralinguistic features affect the jurors' perception of the witness's sincerity" (pg 330). Example: Such things as overloud speaking, breathiness, giggling, and whistling. Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson 5) Proxemics ( pg 331) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Is the study of the social use of space- the study of the patterns of the use of space to convey messages and how this usage differs from culture to culture " (pg 331). Text-to-text connection: " Just as different individuals use space differently, the ways in which different cultures use space differs, too " ( pg 331). Example: " In choosing a sitting or standing place, and how we occupy the space around us, we communicate pleasure or displeasure, fear, apprehension, trust, skepticism, status, leadership, and a wide variety of other states" ( pg 331). Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson 6) Language family ( pg 340) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Is a group of languages derived from the same ancestral language" ( pg 340). Text-to-text connection: " Languages that are said to derive from a common language are called daughter languages" ( pg 340). Example: " We know that Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian, and Romanian are all daughter languages derived from Latin as it mixed with the native languages of each area" ( pg 340). Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson 7) Cognates ( pg 343) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Are words in different languages that are related to each other because they derive from a common mother language" ( pg 343). Text-to-self connection: When learning Spanish in high school, cognates made learning new words much easier. Example: " The Greek ph sound, as in phrater and phero, consistently become b in English" ( pg 343). Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson 8) Diffuse ( pg 347)- Karolina Czubernat Definition: " To diffuse means to move out from one place to another" ( pg 347). Text-to-text connection: " Different linguistic features will diffuse at different rates" ( pg 347). Example: " A feature that starts to diffuse from one area moves to other areas where the feature may be rejected, accepted as it is, or modified" ( pg 347). Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson 9) Sociocultural change ( pg 353) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Are changes in culture that lead to changes in language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in culture" (pg 353). Text-to-text connection: " Changes in speeding laws might occur because of a society's concerns for fuel conservation or traffic accident deaths" (pg 353). Example: Changes definitions of homosexuality Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson 10) Lexicostatistics ( pg 354) - Karolina Czubernat Definition: " Is a technique of developing hypotheses about the historical relationship between languages and dialects" ( pg 354). Text-to-text connection: " Including when those languages and dialects diverged from each other based on a quantitative analysis of cognates" ( pg 354). Example: " The premise is that the more cognates there are, the greater the relationship among the languages" ( pg 354). Citation: Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). //A couple introduction to linguistics.// New York, NY: Pearson

CHAPTER 11 & 12 BY ANA FABIOLA LOPEZ Nonverbal communication is any kind of communication between people without using words. Example: Sign language or facial expressions Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Kinesics is “the study of communicating with body movements or, as it is sometimes called, body language”. For example: Waving to show bye or hello. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Mutual gaze is when people are looking at each other. For example: Like seeing someone’s eyes and knowing exactly what they were thinking about. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Mammals are a class of animals in the sub-phylum of vertebrates. For example: Humans and dogs are mammals. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Latin languages are languages that make up the language family derived from Latin and the languages with which Latin is mixed. For example: Spanish is a Latin language. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Facial expressions are motions or positions that happen in your face. For example: Knowing someone is worried by the look on their face. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Proxemics is the study of the social use of space-the study of patterns of the use of space to convey messages and how this usage differs from culture to culture. For example: A wave can mean different things for different cultures. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Sociocultural changes are “changes in culture that lead to changes in language, or changes in a language that contribute to changes in culture”. For example: From where I’m from in Mexico, we have different words that other people from Mexico do not understand. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson. Language family is a language family is a group of languages derived from the same ancestral language. For example, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, Italian and Romanian are all part of the same language family. Rowe D. & Levine, P. (2012). A concise introduction to linguistics. New York, NY: Pearson.